Low paleolatitude of the Carajás Basin at ∼2.75 Ga: Paleomagnetic evidence from basaltic flows in Amazonia

Establishing the positions of continents during the initial stages of Earth's evolution is one of the most important challenges in geosciences today. This challenge is mainly due to the severe limitations in obtaining geological and/or geophysical data from early Earth time, particularly robust paleomagnetic data. Here, we report the first paleomagnetic data from an Archean block in the Amazonian craton, the Carajás Province, for ∼2.76–2.74 billion years ago (Ga), when extensive dominantly mafic volcanism (Parauapebas Formation) covered an area of ∼18,000 km2. The paleomagnetic investigation was conducted on fresh drill cores drilled into the Carajás iron ore mine and cutting across the Parauapebas Formation. After rotating the drill core segments to geographic coordinates using the viscous magnetic component, two characteristic components, Carajás 1 and 2 (C1 and C2) were identified and further used to calculate paleomagnetic poles: C1 (∼2759 Ma; 40.5°E, −44.6°S, N = 5 A95 = 6.5°, K = 18.5) and C2 (∼2749 Ma; 342.4°E, −54.3°S, N = 28, A95 = 14.8°, K = 27.8). Pole C2 is based on a bigger number of sites, passes a reversal test and is considered robust. A baked contact test was attempted for this component, but it is not conclusive. Our results, integrated with geological evidence reveals that the Carajás block occupied low latitudes at the time, and could have been part of the Superia supercraton during the Neoarchean (∼2.75 Ga) at equatorial latitudes. Finally, a consistent succession of six magnetic reversal events was identified in the lava flow sequence from the Parauapebas Formation, pointing to an already dynamic geodynamo pre-2.7 Ga.